The rule in the case of Ashbury Railway Carriage Vs. Riche (1875) stated that an act has not been authorized by the objects clause of a company’s Memorandum of Association in ultra vires to the company and the members cannot ratify it.” Discuss.

Discuss the working of the following techniques in behavior counseling (20mks)
i. Systematic desensitization
ii. Contingency contracts
iii. Counter conditioning
iv. Environmental planning
v. shaping