A flow with T-SPEC (p, M, r, b) traverses nodes 1 and 2. Node i offers a service curve c_i (t) = R_i (t − T_i)⁺. A shaper is placed between nodes 1 and 2. The shaper forces the flow to the arrival curve z(t) = min(R₂t, bt + m).

1. What buffer size is required for the flow at the shaper ?

2. What buffer size is required at node 2 ? What value do you find if T₁ = T₂ ?

3. Compare the sum of the preceding buffer sizes to the size that would be required if no re-shaping is performed.

4. Give an arrival curve for the output of node 2.